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Industries Class 8 Questions and Answers Geography Chapter 5

Geography Class 8 Chapter 5 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.
Answer:
First of all, the farmer grows cotton crops in the fields by the process of sowing. The plant slowly grows and bears flower from a bud. These buds are plucked and a flurry like substance is separated from them. Through the process of spinning the thread is made from separating within seeds. It is either done by hand or using looms. Now a days modern machines are used as looms. After weaving the cotton cloth it is sent to whole sellers. From whole sellers it is sent to retailers. From retailers we buy this cloth and give it to a tailor for stitching. From the tailor, the shirt is ready for use. In this way is the journey of a shirt from a cotton field to our wardrobe.

Question 2.
Give some examples of agro-based industries.
Answer:

1. Sugar Industry,
2. Cotton Industry,
3. Paper Industry, etc.

Question 3.
Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe.
Answer:
Inputs — Hides, skin of animals, etc.
Output — Finished goods such as shoes
Processes — Scanning, washing, pressing, straightening, etc.

Question 4.
On an outline map of India, locate the places that supply raw materials to TISCO.
Answer:

Question 5.
On an outline map of India, locate the places which provide raw material to cotton textile industry of Oscar.
Answer:
The main raw material of cotton textile industry is cotton. For Osaka textile, cotton is imported from India, USA and Egypt.

Question 6.
Bangalore has some important public sectors and research institution. Find out the full forms of the organisations listed below. BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, IISc, NCBS, and USA.
Answer:
BEL – Bharat Electronics Limited
BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
NAL – National Aluminium Limited
DRDO – Directorate of Research and Development Organisation
ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
ITI – Industrial Training Institute
IISc – Indian Institute of Science

Question 7.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?
(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry and why?
(iv) Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?
(v) What are the similarities between information technology industry in Bangalore and California?
Answer:
(i) The term industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.

(ii) The location of industries is affected by the availability of raw materials, land, labour, water, power, capital transport and market.

(iii) The iron and steel industry is referred to as the backbone of modern industry because it is a ‘feeder’ industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries.

(iv) The cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai because of the presence of favourable climate. The warm and moist climate, a port situated nearby for shipping, easy availability of raw materials and skilled labour are the factors which helped expand cotton textile industry in Mumbai.

(v) Some points of similarity between information technology industry in Bangalore and California are as follows.
(a) Environment: Both Bangalore and California have a clean environment with very less pollution.
(b) Educational and Technological Institutions : Bangalore has the largest number of educational institutions and IT colleges in India. California, too, is situated to some reputed scientific and technological centres of the world.

Question 8.
Tick the correct answer.
(i) Silicon Vally is located in
(a) Bangalore
(b) California
(c) Ahmedabad.
Answer:
(b) California

(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise industry?
(a) Iron and Steel Industry
(b) Cotton Textile
(c) Information Technology
Answer:
(c) Information Technology

(iii) Which one of the following is a national fibre?
(a) nylon
(b) jute
(c) acrylic
Answer:
(b) jute

Question 9.
Distinguish between the following :
(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry.
Answer:

(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry.
Answer:

Question 10.
Give two examples of the following in the space provided.
(i) Raw material : ………… and ………… .
(ii) End products : ………… and ………… .
(iii) Tertiary Activities : ………… and ………… .
(iv) Agro-based industries : ………… and ………… .
(v) Cottage industries : ………… and ………… .
(vi) Co-operative : ………… and ………… .
Answer:
(i) Ores, plant.
(ii) Cloth, Car.
(iii) Banking, Insurance.
(iv) Cotton industry, Sugar industry.
(v) Basket weaving, pottery.
(vi) Amul, Sudha Dairy.

Question 11.
Activity
How to identify a location for establishing an industry :
Divide your class into groups. Each group is a Board of Directors faced with the problem of choosing a suitable site for an iron and steel plant of Developen Dweep. A team of technical experts has submitted a report with notes and a map. The team considered access to iron ore, coal, water and limestone, as well as the main market, sources of labour and port facilities. The team has suggested two sites, X and Y. The Board of Directors has to take the final decision about where to locate the steel plant.

• Read the report submitted by the team.
• Study the map to find out the distances of the resources from each site.
• Give each resource a ‘weight’ from 1 to 10, according to its importance. The greater the ‘pull’ of the factor on the industry the higher the weight from 1 to 10.
• Complete the table on the next page.
• The site with the lowest total should be the most satisfactory site.
• Remember each group of directors can decide differently.

Report
Factors/Resources affecting the location of a proposed Iron and Steel
Plant on Developen Dweep.

• Iron ore : This is a very large deposit of low grade iron ore. Long distance transportation of the ore would be uneconomic.
• Coal : The only coalfield contains rich deposits of high grade coal. Transpor¬tation of the coal is by railway, which is relatively cheap.
• Limestone : This is widely available over the island, but the purest deposits are in the Chuna Mountains.
• Water : Both the tributaries of River Neel carry sufficient water to supply a large iron and steel plant in all seasons. The sea water because of its high salt content is unsuitable.
• Market : It is expected that the chief market for the Plant’s products will be the engineering works of Rajdhanipur. Transport costs for the products-mainly small steel bars and light steel plates would be relatively low.
• Labour supply : This will have to be recruited mainly from the unskilled workers in the 3 fishing villages of Hil, Rah and Sing. It is expected that most workers will commute daily from their present homes.
• Port facilities : These are at present minimal. There is a good, deep natural harbour at port Paschimpur developed to import metal alloys.

*the larger the pull, the higher the weighting
Answer:

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 7

Civics Class 8 Chapter 7 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain at least three different reasons why groups may be marginalised.
Answer:
Groups may be marginalised according to the following reasons :

1. They follow different customs
2. They speal-different languages
3. They are poor and illiterate.

Question 2.
Why was Dadu forced to leave his village in Orissa?
Answer:
Dadu was forced to leave his village in Orissa because the company men took his land for mining iron ore.

Question 3.
What metals are important in present-day India? Why? Where do they come from? Are there Adivasi populations there?
Answer:
Metals important in present day India are iron, copper, aluminium, lead, etc.

1. These metals are used for various purposes and increase the economy of the country.
2. These metals come from the states of Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chottanagpur Plateau, etc.
3. Very few.

Question 4.
List five products that you see at home that come from the forest.
Answer:

1. Fruits
2. Timber
3. Lac
4. Gum
5. Honey

Question 5.
By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?
• timber for construction of homes and railways
• forest land for mining
• forest land for agriculture by non-tribal people
• reserved by government as wildlife parts.
Answer:
(a) The demands given above were made by the British government in India.

Question 6.
In what ways would this effect tribal people?
Answer:
This would affect the livelihood of the tribal people. They would have to move to other places in search of food and jobs.

Question 7.
What do you think the poem (given in textbook) is trying to convey?
Answer:
The poem portrays the hardship, torture, and ill treatment of the Adivasis under the British. They came to Assam for jobs but were treated harshly by the Britishers.

Question 8.
In your opinion, why is it important that Adivasis should have a say in how their forests and forest lands are used?
Answer:
Adivasis are the original habitants of forests. Thus, they have been directly affected by the decision of the government agencies.

Question 9.
Why do we need safeguards for minorities?
Answer:
We need safeguards for minorities in order to protect them from being dominated by the majority.

Question 10.
Read.the data related to schooling provided by the Sachchar Committee Report:
• 25 per cent of Muslim children in the 6-14 year age group have either never been enrolled in school or have dropped out. This percentage is much higher than that of any other socio-religious community.
Do you think special measures are required to address this situation?
Answer:
Yes, special measures are required to address the situation. The government should give some privileges to these communities.

I live in a Muslim-dominated area. Some days back during Ramzan there was some disturbance that started taking a communal outlook. My brother and I had gone for an Iftar party in the neighbourhood and were dressed in traditional clothes, that is sherwani and salwar kameez respectively. On returning home, my brother and I were asked to change our clothes to jeans and T-shirt.

Now when everything is fine I wonder what was the reason that we were asked to change our clothes and why I didn’t find it odd. Were our clothes giving away our identity and is that identity linked to all kinds of fears and discrimination?

Question 11.
The above essay has been written by a child around your age. What do you think shy is trying to convey?
Answer:
To avoid any tension, people of some society are very keen to hide their identity. Some typical dresses signify some particular communities. The dresses become their identity. Sometimes people try to avoid such dresses so that they cannot be targeted by the opposing group at the time of communal tension.

Question 12.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘Marginalisation’.
Answer:
Marginalisation means to access (or to be pushed) to marginal position or status. It is linked to experiencing disadvantage, prejudice and powerlessness. It results to certain minority (such as Muslims) or Dalits (particularly among the Hindus) in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources.

Question 13.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly Marginalised.
Answer:

1. Adivasis love to lead their life in their own way, without any interference from the other.
2. They usually resist changes or new ideas.

Question 14.
Write one reason why you think the constitutions safeguards to protect minority communities are very important?
Answer:
The Constitution’s safeguards to protect because they are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population and therefore they may be dominated by the majority communities.

Question 15.
Re-read the section on minorities and marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population. It also encompasses issue of power, access to resources and has social and cultural dimensions.

Question 16.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement :
Muslims are a marginalised community using the data provided in this chapter, list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Two reasons are:

1. Muslims are deprived of basic amenities such as water, electricity, etc.
2. They have little access to education.

Question 17.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “ Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time”. List three things that you would tell about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
Three things about the lives of Adivasis in India:

1. They love to wear colourful dresses
2. They are very close to forests
3. They have their own languages, Santhali is one of them.

Question 18.
In the story board you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a story on Adivasis?
Answer:
Yes, I can help her by developing a short story on Adivasis.

1. I will tell her how a foreign company has planned to established a metal company in an area of Adivasis.
2. They are forced to move in very large number to various areas of India. A man and his girl friend decide to make an association. They approach to district authority, state government and lastly to central government.
3. Under their leadership, the Adivasis demand three things—(Forest, water and livelihood). After a long struggle, the Human Rights Commission comes forward and their demands are accepted. They are handed over fairly large forest-lands, supply of water and they are given employment in companies some newly started small industries, etc.

Question 19.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisa-tion are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement because economic condition of a man affects his social status. His social recognition is assessed by his economic base.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

On Equality Class 7 Questions and Answers Civics Chapter 1

Class 7 Civics Chapter 1 NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal ? List three reasons from the story that might make her feel like this.
Answer:
Yes, Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal.

Reasons

1. She has the right to vote.
2. She can earn money from the work she does.
3. She can cast her vote in favour of her choice of candidate.

Question 2.
✓ ALLIANCE invited for 32/MMS/5’4″/fair/b’ful girl
working in IT Co. Mumbai from BE/MBA boy working in Mumbai/Abroad from IT Industry Caste no bar. SC/ST excuse. Send BHP (must)
PROF Qlfd B’ful tall girl 4 Gupta Boy 28/6′ CA Working MNC TXS USA $ 80k. TAMIL BRAHMIN Iyengar groom, 1981 born, Naithruvakashyapa Gothram, Swathi Star, 180cms, tall, fair.
Circle the reference to caste in the matrimonial advertisement given above.
Answer:

1. SC/ST
2. Gupta
3. Brahmin.

Question 3.
Why do you think Omprakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates? Imagine yourself as Omprakash Valmiki and write four lines about how you would feel if you were in the same situation as him.
Answer:
1. Omprakash Valmiki was a Dalit . The teacher and the classmates were of higher caste. They considered the Dalits unequal because of their lower caste and thus, discriminated them.

2. I felt very unpleased and disgusted. I want to remind my class teacher and classmates that I too, am a human being. The same blood is flowing in my body also. The constitution has granted us equal status. No body has the right to discriminate us.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Ansaris were being treated unequally? What would you do if you were in the Ansaris’ position and could not find a place to live because some people did not want to live next to you because of the religion you practice?
Answer:
1. The Ansaris’ were being treated unequally firstly for their surname and secondly they were non-vegetarian.

2. If I would be in the Ansaris’ place, I would argue with the landlady and take her to her neighbour’s house where fish was being cooked. I would also tell her that all human beings are equal and there should be no discrimination regarding caste.

Question 5.
If you were one of the Ansaris how would you have responded to the suggestion that you change your name?
Answer:
I would straightaway ask the property dealer to change his surname first.

Question 6.
Can you think of an incident in your life in which your dignity was violated? How did this make you fell?
Answer:

• Yes.
• Disgusted.

Question 7.
What is the midday meal programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
Answer:
Midday meal refers to a programme introduced in all government elemantary schools to provide children with cooked lunch.
Benefits :

1. Poor children have began enrolling and regularly attending school.
2. The children would often go to home and then did not return back to school. After this programme, they remain in school and their attendence has improved.
3. This programme helped to promote greater equality because it reduces caste prejudices.

Question 8.
Find out about one government scheme in your area. What does this scheme do? Whom is this scheme set up to benefit?
Answer:
During winter (2010), about 5.5 lakh children of class I to HI in MCD- run primary schools in the capital will be given money to buy woollen caps or gloves.

This will be in addition to the Rupees 500 given to each student of the schools for purchasing winter uniforms. This scheme will help the poor children from the bitter winter cold and also help improve the attendence of the students.

Question 9.
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise important?
Answer:
Universal adult franchise is an essential aspect of all democracies. It is based on the idea of equality because it states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities he/she belongs to, has one vote.

‘Universal adult franchise’ is important because all people can cast their votes without any discrimination.

Question 10.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?
Excerpt from Article 15 of the Indian Constitution
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to-
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment;
Or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
Answer:
There is discrimination in India on basis of sex, race, caste and religion. But our constitution prohibited all these discriminations. There are also some inequalities even today such.

1. Gender discrimination.
2. Discrimination on the basis of caste still prevail in many part of our country.

Question 11.
In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer:
Similarity between their experience

1. Both were discriminated on the basis on their caste (racial origin).
2. Omprakash Valmiki’s had to sweep the ground while he (Ansari) was ignored and not to given the living apartment on rent in a colony.

Question 12.
What do you understand by term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:
The Constitution recognise every person as equal. It means ever individual in the country including male and female from all castes, religions, tribes and educations are recognised equal.

The term all persons are equal before law means in the eyes of lawf all people are equal before law. Law makes no discrimination against them.

It is important in democracy because people can get the shelter to the court of get their Fundamental Rights enforced if they are not provided so.

Question 13.
The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrated children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools, etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.

Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible for him? How would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as Ms safety’?
Answer:
Yes, the above law is being implemented in his case, because ramp, facilities was not provided for the disabled people in this building.

Ramps facilities should be provided to make the building more accessible for him. As the disabled person on wheel chair is carried down stairs by the two security men, he feels insecure. It will affect his dignity as well as his safety. If he was provided with the facilities of lift or ramp he will definitely feel more secure.

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit Ruchira Chapter 9 क्रीडास्पर्धा

अभ्यासः

पाठ का सम्पूर्ण सरलार्थ-

1. एतत् किम्? …………………….. च भ्रमन्ति। (पृष्ठ-64)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
यह क्या है? यह सुन्दर बगीचा है। इस बगीचे में कौन-कौन घूमते हैं? इस बगीचे में हरिण, बन्दर, मोर, कौआ आदि घूमते . हैं। यहाँ ही बच्चे, बूढ़े और महिलाएँ घूमती हैं।

2. एकः शिशुः ……………………… आकर्णयन्ति। (पृष्ठ-64)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
एक बच्चा बन्दर को देखता है। दो बालक हरिण को देखते हैं। तीन बूढ़े लोग वृक्ष पर कोयल के घोंसले को देखते हैं। चार मोर ‘के का’ की आवाज करते हैं। चार महिलाएँ कोयल की कूक (मधुर ध्वनि) सुनती हैं।

3. वृक्षेसु बहूनि ……………………. खादतः। (पृष्ठ-64)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
वृक्षों पर अनेक फल हैं। उनमें से एक वृक्ष पर चार फल पके हुए हैं। कौआ एक पका हुआ फल खाता है। एक बालिका
उद्यान से फूल ले जाती है। वहीं दो बालिकाएँ दो फल खाती हैं।

4. उद्याने एकः ……………………… एव कूर्दन्ति। (पृष्ठ-64-65)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
बगीचे में पानी से भरा हुआ एक तालाब भी है। वहाँ तीन कमल और तीन कुमुदनियाँ खिली हुई हैं। वहाँ चार हरिण जल पीते हैं। पाँच मछलियों पानी के ऊपर तैरती हैं। छः कछुए पानी में इधर-उधर घूम रहे हैं। सरोवर के किनारे पर
सात बच्चे खेल रहे हैं। आठ लोग दौड़ रहे हैं, नौ बन्दर वहाँ ही कूद रहे हैं।

5. जलाशयस्य ……………………… अर्चयन्ति। (पृष्ठ-65)
हिन्दी सरलार्थ-
तालाब के पास एक शिव मन्दिर है। शिव मन्दिर में बारह खम्भे हैं। वहाँ दीवार पर सोलह देवताओं की मूर्तियाँ बनी हैं। उसके परिसर में अट्ठारह अशोक के वृक्ष हैं। ग्यारह ब्रह्मचारी वेदों का पाठ करते हैं। बीस भक्त शिवजी की पूजा करते हैं।

पाठ्य-पुस्तक के प्रश्न-अभ्यास

प्रश्नः 1.
उच्चारणं कुरुत-
(क) एकः – एका – एकम्
द्वौ – द्वे – द्वे
त्रयः – तिस्रः – त्रीणि
चत्वारः – चतस्रः – चत्वारि
पञ्च – षट् – सप्त
अष्टौ (अष्ट) – नव – दश
एकादश – द्वादश – त्रयोदश
चतुर्दश – पञ्चदश – षोडश
सप्तदश – अष्टादश – एकोनविंशतिः (नवदश)
विंशतिः
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं उच्चारण करें।

(ख) शिष्ये – शिष्ययोः – शिष्येषु
जने – जनयोः – जनेषु
पत्रे- पत्रयोः – पत्रेषु
पुष्पे – पुष्पेषु – पुष्पयोः
प्रभायाम् – प्रभयोः – प्रभासु
विद्यायाम् – विद्ययोः – विद्यासु
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं उच्चारण करें।

प्रश्नः 2.
उदाहरणानुसारं रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत-
यथा-
छात्रे – छात्रयोः – छात्रेषु
नरे – ………….. – …………
………….. – ………… – कमलेषु
…………. – वृक्षयोः – ……………..
………….. – ………… – नौकासु
…………. – वीणयोः – …………..

उत्तर:
यथा-
छात्रे – छात्रयोः – छात्रेषु
नरे – नरयोः – नरेषु
कमले – कमलयोः – कमलेषु
वृक्षे – वृक्षयोः – वृक्षेषु
पत्रे – पत्रयोः – पत्रेषु
नौकायाम् – नौकयोः – नौकासु
वीणायाम् – वीणयोः – वीणासु

प्रश्नः 3.
चित्राणि दृष्ट्वा संख्यां लिखत-

उत्तर:
(क) चत्वारि
(ख) तिस्रः
(ग) द्वौ
(घ) एकम्
(ङ) द्वे
(छ) षोडश

प्रश्नः 4.
अधोलिखितानां संख्याशब्दानां संस्कतपदानि लिखत-
यथा- नौ – नव
(क) आठ – ………..
(ख), ग्यारह – ………..
(ग) उन्नीस – ………..
(घ) पाँच – ………..
(ङ) अट्ठारह – ………..
(च) तेरह – ………..
उत्तर:
(क) अष्टौ
(ख) एकादश
(ग) एकोनविंशतिः
(घ) पञ्च
(ङ) अष्टादश
(च) त्रयोदश

प्रश्नः 5.
अधोलिखिताः संख्याः आरोहक्रमेण लिखत-

उत्तर:
अष्ट, नव, एकादश, द्वादश, षोडश, सप्तदश, अष्टादश, विंशतिः।

प्रश्नः 6.
मञ्जूषातः पदानि चित्वा रिक्तस्थानानि पूरयत

(क) वयं …………. पठामः।
(ख) जनाः ………….. भ्रमन्ति।
(ग) ……….. नौकाः सन्ति।
(घ) …………. भ्रमराः गुञ्जन्ति।
(ङ) ………….. नृत्यं रमणीयम् अस्ति।
(च) …………. फलानि पक्वानि सन्ति।
उत्तर:
(क) विद्यालये
(ख) उद्यानेषु
(ग) गङ्गायाम्
(घ) पुष्पेषु
(ङ) बालिकयोः
(च) वृक्षयोः

प्रश्नः 7.
कोष्ठकेषु दत्तेषु शब्देषु उचितां विभक्तिं प्रयुज्य वाक्यानि पूरयत-
यथा- सरोवरे मीनाः सन्ति। (सरोवर)
(क) ……. कच्छपाः भ्रमन्ति। (तडाग)
(ख) ……. सैनिकाः सन्ति। (शिविर)
(ग) यानानि ……. धावन्ति। (राजमार्ग)
(घ) ……. रत्नानि सन्ति। (धरा)
(ङ) छात्राः ……. प्रयोगं कुर्वन्ति। (प्रयोगशाला)
उत्तर:
(क) तड़ागे
(ख) शिविरे
(ग) राजमार्गे
(घ) धरायाम्
(ङ) प्रयोगशालायाम्

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Sanskrit